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Culture Collection of Autotrophic Organisms (CCALA)
Experimental Garden and Gene Pool Collections Třeboň
Institute of Botany of the CAS, v. v. i.
ccala@ibot.cas.cz

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Cultures maintenance, media

Cultures maintenance conditions

  • Strains are kept in tubes or in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks placed in racks with glass shelves.  
  • The cultures are maintained in air-conditioned rooms, with a temperature regime of 21°C (some strains, mainly cyanobacteria, freshly prepared cultures for customers) or 16°C (most cyanobacteria and algae strains for long-term maintenance). Polar strains are maintained in glass fridges at temperatures around 10°C.
  • The cultures are irradiated by a panels of LED light tubes that gives cca 15  - 35 μmol photons m−2 s−1, light is controlled to 12h/12h light/dark cycle.
  • Strains are transferred to fresh media in cca 3-4 months intervals.

Media receipts

  • Any nutrient solution can be used as liquid, or solidified by 1.5% of agar. In this case medium is labeled "agar".

 

2024-05-20hobit

Galdieria medium - modified

Galdieria medium - modified

Galdieria medium - modified

Authors: Gross, W. & Schnarrenberger, 1995

Dissolve chemicals in 500 ml of distilled water. Add 2,07 ml of Fe-EDTA solution and 2,00 ml trace metal solution. Make up to 1000 ml. Autoclave.

 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

(NH4)2SO4 1,5 g
MgSO4.7H2O 0,3 g
KH2PO4 0,3 g 
CaCl2.2H2O 0,02 g
Fe-EDTA (see following recipe) 2,07 ml
Trace metals solution (see following recipe) 2,00 ml 

Fe-EDTA solution 

To 50 ml od dH2O add following component and fill in with dH2O do 100 ml.
 

Component

Quantity Used

KOH (1 N solution) 5,4 ml
FeSO4.7H2O 0,5 ml
EDTA (no Na-EDTA!) 0,52 g 

Trace metals solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

H3BO3 0,31 g
MnSO4.4H2O 0,223 g
Na2WO4.2H2O 0,003 g
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 0,0088 g
KBr 0,0119 g
KI 0,0083 g
ZnSO4.7H2O 0,0287 g
Cd(NO3)2.4H2O 0,0154 g
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0,0146 g
CuSO4.5H2O 0,0125 g
NiSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O 0,0198 g
Cr(NO3)2.7H2O 0,0037 g
V2O4(SO4)3.16H2O 0,0035 g
Al2(SO4)3K2SO4.24 H2O 0,0474 g

 

Literautre: 

  • Gross, W. & Schnarrenberger, C. 1995. Heterotrophic Growth of Two Strains of the Acido-Thermophilic Red Alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Plant Cell. Physiol. 36(4): 633 - 638.
2024-05-20hobit

S medium

S medium

S medium

Dissolve the chemicals in 500 ml of distilled water, add 1 ml of trace metals solution and make up to 1000 ml. Autoclave.

 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

KCl 1,0 g
NaHCO3 16,8 g
K2HPO4 0,5 g
NaNO3 2,5 g
K2SO4 1,0 g
NaCl 30,0 g
MgSO4.7H2O 0,18 g
FeSO4.7H2O 0,018 g
EDTA 0,08 g
Trace metal solution 1 ml

Trace metals solution 

Component

Stock solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

H3BO3 - 2,860 g
MnCl2.4H2O - 1,810 g
ZnSO4.7H2O - 0,220 g
CuSO4.5H2O 79,0 1 ml
Na2MoO4.2H2O - 0,391 g
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 49,4 1 ml
2024-05-20hobit

Z medium

Z medium

Z medium

Authors: Zehner & Staub 1961

For most of cyanophytes. 

Into 900 ml of dH2O add 10 ml of first six stock solutions. Add 1 ml of rest solutions. Autoclave. The final pH should be 6,6 

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

NaNO3 46,7 10 ml
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 5,9 10 ml
K2HPO4 3,1 10 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 2,5 10 ml
Na2CO3 2,1 10 ml
Fe-EDTA solution see following recipe 0,2 ml
Trace metals sollution see following recipe 0,08 ml

Fe-EDTA solution 

Component

Quantity Used

HCl (35%) 2,2 ml
dH2O 250 ml
FeCl3.6H2O 4,5 g
Na2EDTA 4,65 g

Trace metals solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 100 ml

H3BO3 0,31 g
MnSO4.4H2O 0,223 g
Na2WO4.2H2O 0,003 g
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 0,0088 g
KBr 0,0119 g
KI 0,0083 g
ZnSO4.7H2O 0,0287 g
Cd(NO3)2.4H2O 0,0154 g
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0,0146 g
CuSO4.5H2O 0,0125 g
NiSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O 0,0198 g
Cr(NO3)2.7H2O 0,0037 g
V2O4(SO4)3.16H2O 0,0035 g
Al2(SO4)3K2SO4.24 H2O 0,0474 g

 

Literature:

  • ANDERSEN, R.A. [ed.] 2005Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp. 
  • ZEHNDER in STAUB, R. 1961. Ernährungphysiologish-autökologische Untersuchung an den planktonischen Blaualge Oscillatoria rubescens DC. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie 23: 82-198.
2024-05-20hobit

Dunaliella medium

Dunaliella medium

Dunaliella medium

Author: Schlösser 1982

The cultivation of halophilic algae.

Mix 20 ml of the stock macroelements solution with 910 ml of artificial seawater and 30 ml of seawater soil extract.

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

KNO3 10,00 g 10 ml
K2HPO4 1,00 g  10 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 1,00 g 10 ml
soil extract see following recipe 30 ml
artificial seawater see following recipe 930 ml

Soil extract

1/3 of 6 litre flask fill with garden or leaf soil (not too great humus or clay content), and deionized water until it stands 5cm above the soil. Sterilize by heating in a steamer one hour, twice in a 24h interval. Separate the decanted extract by centrifugation. Fill into small containers, autoclave 20 minutes/1 atmosphere; store in refrigerator.
 

Artificial seawater 

Component

Quantity Usedg.l-1 dH2O

NaCl 30,0 g
MgSO4.7H2O 31,0 g 
KCl 1,5 g
CaSO4 2,0 g

 

Literature:

  • Andersen, R.A. [ed.] 2005. Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp. 
  • Schlösser, U.G., 1982. Sammlung von Algenkulturen. - Ber.Dt.bot.Ges. 95: 181-276.
2024-05-21hobit

Czurda medium

Czurda medium

Czurda medium

The receipt is not awailable at this moment

2024-05-20hobit

Spirulina medium

Spirulina medium

Spirulina medium

Authors: Aiba and Ogawa 1977, Schlösser 1994

For culturing Spirulina. 

Prepare Solutions I and II. Autoclave separately and cool; asepticilly combine the two solutions. Aseptically add 1 ml of cyanocobalamin (B12) solution.

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 500 ml

Solution I. (500 ml)
NaHCO3 - 13,61 g
Na2CO3 - 4,03 g
K2HPO4 - 0,50 g 
Solution II. (500 ml)
NaNO3 - 2,5 g
K2SO4 - 1,0 g
NaCl - 1,0 g
MgSO4.7H2O - 0,2 g 
CaCl2.2H2O - 0,04 g
FeSO4.7H2O - 0,01 g
Na2EDTA.2H2O - 0,08 g
Trace metals solution see following recipe 5 ml
Vitamins solution see following recipe 1 ml

Trace metals solution 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

Na2EDTA.2H2O - 0,5 g
FeSO4.7H2O - 0,7 g
ZnSO4.7H2O 1,0 1 ml
MnSO4.7H2O 2,0 1 ml
H3BO3 10,0 1 ml
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 1,0 1 ml
Na2MoO4.2H2O 1,0 1 ml
CuSO4.5H2O 0,005 1 ml

Vitamin Solution

Dissolve the cyanocobalamin in 1 liter dH2O. Filter-sterilize and store frozen.
 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

Cyanocobalamin (vit. B12) 5 mg

 

Literauture

  • AIBA, S., and OGAWA, T. 1977. Assessment of growth yield of a blue-green alga:Spirulina platensis in axenic and continuous cultur. J. Gen. Microbiol. 102: 179 - 182. 
  • ANDERSEN, R.A. [ed.] 2005Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp. 
  • SCHLÖSSER, U.G. 1994. SAG-Sammlung von Algenkulturen at the University of Göttingen Catalogue of Strains 1994. Bot. Acta 107: 111 - 186.
2024-05-20hobit

Jaworski’s Medium

Jaworski’s Medium

Jaworski’s Medium

Author: Schlösser 1982

For freshwater algae.

Dissolve stock solutions 1 - 9 (1 ml each) in 1 litre of distilled water.

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 20,0 1 ml
KH2PO4 12,4 1 ml 
MgSO4.7H2O 50,0 1 ml
NaHCO3 15,9 1 ml
EDTA solution see following recipe 1 ml
Trace metals solution see following recipe 1 ml
NaNO3 80,0 1 ml
Na2HPO4.12H2O 36,0 1 ml
Vitamin solution see following recipe 1 ml 

EDTA-solution

Component

Quantity Usedto 200 ml

FeNa-EDTA 0,45 g
Na2EDTA 0,45 g 

Trace metals solution

Component

Quantity Usedto 200 ml

H3BO3 0,496 g 
MnCl2.4H2O 0,278 g
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 0,20 g 

Vitamins solution

Component

Quantity Usedto 200 ml

cyanocobalamin 0,008 g 
thiamine HCl 0,008 g 
biotin 0,008 g 

 

Literature:

  • ANDERSEN, R.A. [ed.] 2005. Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp. 
  • SCHLÖSSER, U.G., 1982. Sammlung von Algenkulturen. - Ber.Dt.bot.Ges. 95: 181-276.
2024-05-20hobit

WC medium

WC medium

WC medium

Authors: Guillard & Lorenzen, 1972

For planktonic algae and cyanobacteria.

Combine 1 ml of stock solution and add TRIS buffer. Autoclave. Add sterille vitamin solution do cool medium.

 

Component Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O Quantity Usedto 1 litre
CaCl2.2H2O 36,8 g 1 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 37,0 g 1 ml
NaHCO3 12,6 g 1 ml
K2HPO4.3H2O 5,7 g 1 ml
NaNO3 42,5 g 1 ml
Na2SiO3.5H2O 21, 2 g 1 ml
trace metal solution see bellow 1 ml
vitamins solution see bellow 1 ml
TRIS - 0,115 g

Trace metals solution

Component Quantity Usedto 1 litre
Na2EDTA 4,360 g
FeCl3.6H2O 3,150 g
CuSO4.5H2O 0,010 g
ZnSO4.7H2O 0,022 g
CoCl2.6H2O 0,010 g
MnCl2.4H2O 0,180 g
Na2MoO4.2H2O 0,006 g
H3BO3 1,000 g

Vitamins solution

Sterile by filtration

Component Quantity Usedto 1 litre
thiamin 0,1 g
biotin 0,0005 g
cyanokabalamin 0,0005 g

 

Literature:

  • GUILLARD, R.R.L., LORENZEN, C.J. (1972): Yellow-green algae with chlorophyllide C. Journal of Phycology 8: 10-14
2024-05-20hobit

Porphyridium medium

Porphyridium medium

Porphyridium medium

Authors: Brody & Emerson 1959, modif. Pekárková (pers. comm.)

Mix Solution 1 with 0,5 ml of Solution 2 and 0,5 ml of Solution 3 and autoclave.
 

Solution 1.

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

KCl 4,00 g 
NaCl 3,13 g 
KNO3 1,24 g
MgSO4.7H2O 2,50 g
K2HPO4 0,66 g
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 0,17 g 
KI 0,05 g
KBr 0,05 g

Solution 2.

Component

Quantity Usedto 250 mililitres

Fe-EDTA 4,6 g 

Solution 3.

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

H3BO3 3,09 mg
MnSO4.4H2O 1,20 mg
CoSO4.7H2O 1,40 mg
CuSO4.5H2O 1,24 mg
ZnSO4.7H2O 1,43 mg
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 1,84 mg

 

Literature:

  • BRODY,M. & EMERSON,R. (1959): The effect of wavelength and intensity of light on the proportion of pigments in Porphyridium cruentum. - Am.J.Bot. 46: 433-440.
2024-05-20hobit

Euglena medium

Euglena medium

Euglena medium

Suitable for most axenic cultures of Euglena and Chlorogonium.

To approximately 950 ml of dH2O, add each of the components in the order specified while stirring continuously.

Bring the total volume to 1 l with dH2O.

 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

Na-acetate 1 g
Beef extract 1 g
Tryptone 2 g
Yeast extract 2 g
CaCl2.2H2O 0,01 g

 

Literature:

  • ANDERSEN, R.A. [ed.] 2005. Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp.

 

2024-05-20hobit

Brackish water

Brackish water

Brackish water

Component

Stock Solutiong to100 ml dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

KNO3 1,00  20 ml
K2HPO4 0,1 g 20 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 0,1 g 20 ml
Soil extract see following recipe 30 ml
Trace metal solution see following recipe 5 ml
dH2O - 450 ml
Artificial seawater see following recipe 450 ml

Soil extract

1/3 of 6 litre flask fill with garden or leaf soil (not too great humus or clay content), and deionized water until it stands 5cm above the soil. Sterilize by heating in a steamer one hour, twice in a 24h interval. Separate the decanted extract by centrifugation. Fill into small containers, autoclave 20 minutes/1 atmosphere; store in refrigerator.
 

Trace metals solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

ZnSO4.7H2O 8,82 g
MnCl2.4H2O 1,44 g
MoO3 0,71 g 
CuSO4.5H2O 1,57 g 
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0,49 g

Artificial seawater 

Component

Quantity Usedg.l-1 dH2O

NaCl 30,0 g
MgSO4.7H2O 10,0 g 
KCl 1,5 g
CaSO4.2H2O 2,0 g
2024-05-21hobit

MASM

MASM

MASM

The receipt is not awailable at this moment

2024-05-20hobit

1/2 SŠ medium

1/2 SŠ medium

1/2 SŠ medium

Authors: Zachleder & Šetlík, 1982 

Combine 970 ml of dH2O and 10 ml of each stock solution. Autoclave. After cooling add 1,5 ml of 1N NaOH (=10g NaOH in 250 ml of dH2O.

For Euhalothece add 100g of Na2CO3 to 1 litre of medium.

 

Component

Stock Solutionto 1 litre of dH2O

Quantity Usedto 500 ml

Stock solution 1.

MgSO4.7H2O 98,8 g 10 ml
Trace metals elements (see following recipe) 100 ml 
 

Stock solution 2.

KNO3 202,0 g 10 ml
CaCl2.6H2O 1,1 g
Fe-EDTA 1,8 g
 

Stock solution 3.

KH2PO4 34,0 g  10 ml

Trace metals solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

H3BO3 3,086 g
MnSO4.4H2O 1,18 g
CoSO4.7H2O 1,404 g
CuSO4.5H2O 1,244 g
ZnSO4.7H2O 1,43 g
(MN4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 1,84 g

 

Literature: 

  • ZACHLEDER, V. & ŠETLÍK, I. 1982. Effect of Irradiance on the Course of RNA Synthesis in the Cell Cycle of Scenedesmus quadricauda. Biologia Plantarum 24(5): 341 - 353. 

 

2024-05-20hobit

HS medium for Chlamydomonas

HS medium for Chlamydomonas

HS medium for Chlamydomonas

Author: Sueoka 1960

Into 500 ml of dH2O add quantity of stock solutions (see belowe) fill in 990 mililitre with dH2O. Autoclave. After cooling add 10 ml od stock solution no. 5.

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1000 ml

Stock stolution 1. 

NH4Cl 50,00 10 ml
CaCl2.2H2O 2,00
 

Stock solution 2.

MgSO4.7H2O 20,00 10 ml
FeNa-EDTA 1,84
 

Stock solution 3.

Na2MoO4.2H2O 5,00 (or 0,5 g to 100 ml dH2O) 0,5 ml
 

Stock solution 4. 

Trace metals solution see following recipe 1 ml
 

Stock solution 5.

Add after autoclaving!
KH2PO4 72,00  5 ml
K2HPO4 134,00

Trace metals solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

H3BO3 3,086 g
MnSO4.4H2O 1,180 g
CoSO4.7H2O 1,404 g
CuSO4.5H2O 1,244 g
ZnSO4.7H2O 1,430 g
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 1,840 g

 

Literature:

  • Sueoka, N. 1960. MITOTIC REPLICATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI. PNAS 46(1): 83-91.
2024-05-20hobit

Medium for non-seed plants

Medium for non-seed plants

Medium for non-seed plants

Authors: Baslerová & Dvořáková 1962

Liverworts, ferns and duckweeds are maintained in 250 ml Erlenmayer's flasks on agar medium in the air conditioned room at 12-15°C. They are irradiated similarly as other strains (see above).

Into 900 ml of dH2O add quantity of stock solutions (see belowe) fill in 1 litre with dH2O. Autoclave.

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre
 

Mosses (M)

Liverworts & ferns (JKL)

NH4NO3 80,00 1.5 ml 2.5 ml
KH2PO4 136,00 0.5 ml 0.75 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 120,00 0.5 ml 0.4 ml
CaCl2.2H2O 110,00 0.2 ml 1,0 ml
FeCl3.6H2O 16.20 0.2 ml 0.16 ml

 

Literature:

  • Baslerová, M. & Dvořáková, J. 1962. Algarum, Hepaticarum Muscurumque in cultiris collectio. NCSAV, Praha, 59 pp. 
2024-05-20hobit

Gorham’s solution

Gorham’s solution

Gorham’s solution

Authors: Koeman & Hoek 1980

In 1000 ml distilled water dissolve the following chemicals and add 2 ml of soil extract.

 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

NaNO3 160 mg
K2HPO4 17,5 mg
TRIS buffer 200 mg
MgSO4.7H2O 153,6 mg
CuSO4.5H2O 0,0156 mg
CaCl2 35 mg
Na2SiO3 11,63 mg
Na2CO3 20 mg
Fe-citrate 3 mg
Citric acid 3 mg
Na-EDTA (Chelaton III) 600 mg
Na2MoO4.2H2O 0,00705 mg
ZnSO4.7H2O 0,0392 mg
CoCl2 0,0183 mg
MnCl2.4H2O 0,283 mg

Soil extract

1/3 of 6 litre flask fill with garden or leaf soil (not too great humus or clay content), and deionized water until it stands 5cm above the soil. Sterilize by heating in a steamer one hour, twice in a 24h interval. Separate the decanted extract by centrifugation. Fill into small containers, autoclave 20 minutes/1 atmosphere; store in refrigerator.

 

Literature: 

  • KOEMAN,R.P.T. & HOEK,C. van den (1980): The taxonomy of Ulva (Chlorophyceae) in the Netherland. - Brit.Phycol.J. 16: 9-53.
2024-05-20hobit

BBM medium

BBM medium

BBM medium

Authors: Bold 1949, Bischoff and Bold 1963

Useful for many algae, especially chlorococcalea algae, volvocalean algae (e.g.Chlamydomonas), filamentous green alga Klebsormidim flaccidum, xanthophycean alga Heterococcus endolithicus etc. (Andersen, 2005).

Into 900 ml of dH2O add 10 ml of first six stock solutions. Add 1 ml of rest solutions. Autoclave. The final pH should be 6,6

 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

NaNO3 25,00 10 ml
CaCl2.2H2O 2,50 10 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 7,50 10 ml
K2HPO4 7,50 10 ml
KH2PO4 17,50 10 ml
NaCl 2,50 10  ml
EDTA solution see following recipe 1 ml
Acidifed iron solution see following recipe 1 ml
H3BO3 11,42 g 1 ml
Trace metals solution see following recipe 1 ml

EDTA solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

EDTA 50,00 g
KOH 31,00 g 

Acidified Iron Solution

Component

Quantity Usedto 100 ml

FeSO4.7H2O 0,498 g
H2SO(96%) 0,1 ml

Trace metals solution 

Component

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

ZnSO4.7H2O 8,82 g
MnCl2.4H2O 1,44 g
MoO3 0,71 g 
CuSO4.5H2O 1,57 g 
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0,49 g

 

Literature:

  • ANDERSEN, R.A. [ed.] 2005Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp. 
  • BISCHOFF, H.W., and BOLD, H.C. 1963.Phycological Studies IV. Some Soil Algae From Enchanted Rock and Related Algal Specie. University of Texas, Austin, 6318: 1 - 95.
  • BOLD, H.C. 1949. The morphology of Chlamydomonas chlamydogama sp. nov.. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 76: 101 - 108. 
2024-05-20hobit

BG11 medium

BG11 medium

BG11 medium

Authors: Allen 1968, Allen and Stainer 1968, Rippka et al. 1979

For culture of freshwater, soil, thermal and marine cyanobacteria (Andersen, 2005).

Into 900 ml of dH2O add 1 ml of the Fe-citrate solution, and then add remaining components. Autoclave. Final pH should be 7,4 after cooling.
 
Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

Fe-citrate solution see following recipe 1 ml
NaNO3 - 1,5 g
K2HPO4.3H3O 40 1 ml
MgSO4.7H2O 75 1 ml
CaCl2.2H2O 35 1 ml
Na2CO3 20 1 ml
Na-EDTA 1,0 1 ml
Trace metals solution see following recipe 1 ml

Fe-citrate solution  

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

Citric acid 1 ml
Ferric ammonium citrate 6 1 ml

Trace metals solution 

Component

Stock Solutiong.l-1 dH2O

Quantity Usedto 1 litre

H3BO3 - 2,860 g
MnCl2.4H2O - 1,810 g
ZnSO4.7H2O - 0,220 g
CuSO4.5H2O 79,0 1 ml
Na2MoO4.2H2O - 0,391 g
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 49,4 1 ml

 

Literature:

  • ALLEN, M.M. 1968. Simple conditions for growth of unicellular blue-green algae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 51: 199 - 202.
  • ALLEN, M.M., and STAINER, R.Y. 1968. Studies with Cyanidium caldarium, an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte. Arch. Mikrobiol. 32: 270 - 277. 
  • ANDERSEN, R.A. [ed.] 2005Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 578 pp. 
  • RIPKA, R., DERUELLES, J., WATERBURY, J.B., HERDMAN, M., and STAINER, R.Y. 1979. Generic assignment, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 111: 1 - 61.